@article{ author = {Nourbakhsh, Nosrat and Khoroushi, Maryam and Sharif, Soh}, title = {Shear Bond Strength of Two Self-Etch Adhesives to Permanent and Deciduous Dental Enamels: Effect of Acid Preconditioning}, abstract ={Background and Aim : There are some studies that strongly recommend acid-conditioning before applying the self-etch adhesives. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of two self-etch adhesives to the enamel of primary and permanent teeth with acid preconditioning . Materials and Methods : The buccal surfaces of 48 permanent molars and 48 primary molar teeth were prepared for bonding of the adhesives to the enamel. Then the samples were randomly divided into eight groups, each containing 12. According to the manufacturers’ instructions, Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) and ACE All Bond SE (ABSE) self-etch adhesives were applied on the enamel and the etched enamel of both permanent and primary teeth and bonded with composite resin. After 24 hours of storage in 37˚C and 500 rounds of thermocycling, the specimens were tested in a shear at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The results were statistically analysed using SPSS 11.5 with Kruskal-Wallis and t-test at a significance level of 0.05 . Results : The mean±SD in permanent enamels using CSEB and ABSE were 16.10±7.6 and 8.49±2.34 MPa, respectively. The same data for the deciduous enamels were 16.08±3.91 and 9.23±3.20 MPa, respectively. After acid etching, SBS for permanent enamel using CSEB and ABSE were 32.05±7.13 and 31.39±6.51 MPa, respectively. The same data for deciduous enamels were 24.73±10.74 and 21.70±6.18 MPa, respectively . Conclusion : The bond strength of CSEB was significantly higher than ABSE adhesive in both primary and permanent teeth. In addition, acid etching leads to increase in the enamel bond strength of both studied adhesives.   }, Keywords = {Bond strength , Self-etch adhesive , Acid etching , Enamel , Permanent teeth , Primary teeth }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1194-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1194-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sahebi, Safora and Moazami, Fariborz and Nabavizade, Mohammad rez}, title = {Evaluation of Three Different Spreading Forces Using Lateral Condensation Technique on Apical Leakage and Tooth Fracture: An in Vitro Study}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Lateral condensation technique is one of the most frequently used techniques for root canal obturation. There were few studies in order to determine the needed force for spreader penetration and its effect on apical seal. The  purpose of this study was the in vitro evaluation of the effect of three spreader forces using the lateral condensation technique and the effect of these forces on root fractures. Materials and Methods: Eighty-five human mandibular premolar single rooted teeth without severe curvature and visible fractures were chosen and randomly divided into three groups. Following canal preparation , all samples were obturated on an acrylic model using three forces (1.6, 3 and 4.5 kg) with the lateral condensation technique. The teeth were ob- served under the stereomicroscope ×6 for any fracture line and follow the clearing of the teeth the maximum dye leakage penetration was measured for each tooth. The data were analyzed by using chi-square and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. Results: All samples in the positive control group showed dye leakage but in the negative control group no sample showed any leakage. The mean dye penetration for the first (1.6 kg), second (3kg) and third (4.5 kg) groups was 0.344 mm, 0.153 mm and 0.746 mm, respectively. The 3kg force for lateral condensation technique produced a significantly better apical seal and less leakage in comparison with the other groups (P<0.05) and more fractures were observed with 4.5kg force (P<0.05). Conclusion: The best force for lateral condensation in premolar teeth was 3kg and  more pressure could produce more fracture.}, Keywords = {Lateral condensation , Spreader , Leakage , Root fracture}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-14}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1196-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1196-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Maleki-Pour, Mohammad reza and Shirani, Farzaneh and Mirzakoochaki, Parvin and FazelKalbasi, Zahr}, title = {Changes in Bleached Enamel Microhardness After Application of Fluoride and CPP-ACP}, abstract ={Background and Aim : Tooth bleaching decreases enamel microhardness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in microhardness of bleached enamel after applying fluoride and CPP-ACP (casein phosphopeptide –amorphous calcium phosphate ). Materials and Methods : In this experimental study , sixty extracted human molars were divided into six groups (ten each). The flatted occlusal surface was covered with nail varnish. In the second, third and fourth groups, tooth bleaching was performed. The first and second groups were positive and negative control groups. In the third and fifth groups, the specimens were covered with sodium fluoride varnish and the fourth and sixth groups underwent CPP-ACP therapy. Subsurface enamel microhardness was determined on the occlusal surface with 300 micron distance from the buccal or lingual surface. One way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc were used for statistical analysis . Results : Microhardness of bleached enamel was significantly lower than the other groups. The teeth treated by fluoride agent or CPP-ACP after bleaching had a significant increase in their microhardness in contrast with the bleached enamel. CPP-ACP and fluoride treatment had no significant effect on sound enamel microhardness. Although using CPP-ACP and fluoride increases the enamel microhardness, there was no significant differences between them .  Conclusion : Fluoride and CPP-ACP components increase bleached enamel microhardness .}, Keywords = {Subsurface enamel , Teeth Bleaching , Microhardness , CPP-ACP , Fluoride varnish }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {15-20}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1197-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1197-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mosharraf, Ramin and Givechian, Pirooz}, title = {Effect of Fiber Position and Orientation on Flexural Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composite}, abstract ={   Background and Aim : One of the most important factors for increasing flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) restorations is the orientation, volume and geometry of reinforcement fibers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fiber position and orientation on the flexural strength of FRC specimens . Materials and Methods : In this experimental-laboratory study, five groups (N=8) of test specimens made of one indirect composite were reinforced with pre-impregnated fibers in different positions, orientations or geometry into the rectangle cube specimens (3×3×25mm3). The control group did not contain fiber reinforcement. The test specimens were stored in distilled water for 1 week at 37 ° C before testing in a three-point loading test with 1mm/min cross head speed. Data were statistically analyzed at 0.05 significance level with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests . Results: The mean flexural strength of six experimental groups had significant differences (p1=0.005 and p2 < 0.001). The control group showed the lowest initial and final values. The maximum initial flexural strength was seen in the tension group (76.2 MPa) and the maximum final flexural strength was seen in the middle horizontal group (173.9 MPa). Conclusion : Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the position and orientation of the fibers influenced the flexural strength of the fiber-reinforced composites and the most effective position of the fibers was tension side reinforcement .  }, Keywords = {Composite resins , Dental materials , Materials failure analysis , Testing , Materials }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {21-27}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1198-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1198-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Tavassoli-Hojjati, Sara and Haghgoo, Roza and Mehran, Majid and Niktash, Anoosheh}, title = {Evaluation of The Effect of Fluoride Gel and Varnish on The Demineralization Resistance of Enamel: An in Vitro}, abstract ={ Background and Aim : Fluoride has an important role in the prevention of caries. This study assessed the efficacy of three types of topical fluoride: fluoride varnish, APF gel (sultan), APF gel (Kimia) in protecting the enamel from demineralization in an in vitro environment .  Materials and Methods : Sixty human caries-free premolars where randomly assigned into four groups of 15 specimens. The control group was washed with deionized/distilled water. Weekly gel (Kimia) was treated with APF gel (1/23%) for 2 minutes weekly, weekly gel (Sultan) was treated with APF gel (1/23%) for 60 seconds weekly, weekly varnish fluoride was treated with Durashield (2/26%). Specimens were then placed in a cycle of demineralization (pH= 4.3) for 6 hours and remineralization (pH= 7) for 17 hours. This pH- cycle was repeated for 3 weeks (21days). The teeth were sectioned buccolingually and evaluated under polarized light microscope. Then the depth of each lesion was measured from the deepest demineralization point of the lesion. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test for pairwise comparison . Results : The control group had the deepest lesions (mean depth, 140±37micrometer). The varnish group had the shallowest lesions (mean depth, 60±37 micrometer) with a 75.3% reduction percent. However, there was no significant difference in the depth of demineralization between all fluoride treated groups. The difference between fluoride groups and the control group were significant. Conclusion : Treatment of the enamel of permanent teeth with various topical fluorides significantly inhibited demineralization, but there was no significant difference between varnish or gel application .}, Keywords = {Fluoride varnishes , APF gel , Demineralization , Enamel }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-34}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1199-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1199-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zayeri, Farid and Razmavar, Sara and Naserinejad, Kazem and Akbarzadeh-Baghban, Alireza and Torabzadeh, Hasan and Salehi, Masou}, title = {Experimental Comparison of Hygroscopic Expansion in Three Different Composite Resins}, abstract ={Background and Aim : These days dental composites are very popular because they look good and are similar to human teeth regarding color. Hygroscopic expansion is one of the physical properties of dental composites. A dental composite may lose its efficiency as a restoration material because of water absorption. The objective of this study was to compare the hygroscopic expansion of three dental composites .  Materials and Methods : In this experimental study, to assess the effective factors of hygroscopic expansion, we used three different dental composites (Kalore, P90 and Z250). The length of these composites in water and saliva were measured eighteen times in a three-month period. We used the marginal modeling technique, in which the correlation between response data can be included for analysis .  Results : The results of marginal modeling showed that the type of composite is significantly related to hygroscopic expansion (P<0.05) demonstrating the highest hygroscopic expansion for P90 and the lowest for Z250. In addition, time as an independent variable had a statistically significant effect on hygroscopic expansion (P<0.05). However, we found no significant difference between the hygroscopic expansion of saliva and water (P>0.05).  Conclusion : Overall, our findings showed that hygroscopic expansion is significantly related to the type of composite and time. Therefore, we should utilize the composites with lower hygroscopic expansion (such as Z250) for filling the patients’ teeth .}, Keywords = {Composite resin , Hygroscopic expansion , Longitudinal studies}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1200-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1200-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hekmatian, Ehsan and Shadmehr, Elham and Asghari, Gholamrez}, title = {Effect of Elaeagnus Angustifolia Lozenge on Gag Reflex in Dental Patients}, abstract ={   Background and Aim : Gag reflex is one of the most common problems in dental treatment. All researches performed to reduce or eliminate this reflex were not effective or were time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Elaeagnus Angustifolia lozenge in controlling gag reflex during dental treatment .  Materials and Methods : This study was a randomized double blind controlled trial with convenient sampling on 84 patients that were candidates for radiographic procedures in the School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The cases were randomly divided into two groups of case and control. The case group used Elaeagnus Angustifolia L extracts and the control group used placebo. Fruit extract was formed into lozenge. Before and after intervention, the gag reflex was evaluated by stimulation of the soft palate and pharyngeal tonsils. Data analysis and comparison was performed with SPSS 11 software and Chi-square , McNamara and t tests .  Results : The gag reflex significantly decreased in the soft palate region (p<0.001) and pharyngeal tonsils (p<0.001) in the intervention group. In the placebo group, decrease of gag reflex was not significant in any of these locations (p=0.9). The decrease in gag reflex in the soft palate and the pharyngeal tonsils in the case and control groups before and after the intervention showed statistically significant differences (P<0.01).  Conclusion : Elaeagnus Angustifolia L. extracts seem to be an effective method to control gag reflex during dental treatment. It may be a confident method to use on dental procedures, especially radiographic procedures.  }, Keywords = {Elaeagnus Angustifolia , Gag reflex , Lozenge }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {43-47}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1201-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1201-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mehr-Alizadeh, Sandra and Sadri, Donya and Nemati, Saeid and Sarikhani, Soodeh and Zafarfazeli, Arash}, title = {Evaluation of the Diagnostic Efficacy of Intra Oral Digital Radiography With and Without Zoom Option Software in the Detection of Occlusal Dentinal Caries: An in Vitro Study}, abstract ={Background and Aim : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic precision of zoom option of Cygnus Ritter CCD intraoral digital sensor compared to original digital radiography in the detection of occlusal dentinal caries .  Materials and Methods : Eighty-six extracted premolars with no apparent clinical caries were selected. Two methods were used for radiography namely, digital radiography using a Cygnus Ritter CCD sensor and then zoom option was applied to the original radiographs. Four maxillofacial radiologists observed the original digital and the same radiographs with zoom option to detect occlusal dentinal caries subsequently recording it in a five-grade scale.  Microscopic sections evaluated by a pathologist were used as the gold standard for caries detection. The data were analyzed with a proportion test and processed with SPSS maxillofacial 14 soft ware .  Results : Statistical analysis showed a sensitivity of 52.2% (71) (CI: 95 % ) for zoom option in the detection of occlusal dentinal caries (P<0.05). The specificity was shown as 68.8% (143) (P>0.05). The ppv was calculated as 52.2% (179) (P<0/.05) and npv as 68.8% (236) (P<0.05) and the accuracy was 62.2% (214) (P<0.05).  Conclusion : The zoom option of Cygnus Ritter CCD sensor showed a significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity, ppv, npv and accuracy compared to original digital radiographs, but the zoom option of that sensor did not show a significantly higher diagnostic specificity compared to original digital radiographs .  Key words: Dentinal caries – Digital radiography – Digital enhancement – Image processing – Zoom    }, Keywords = {Dentinal caries , Digital radiography , Digital enhancement , Image processing , Zoom}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1202-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1202-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hasheminia, Mohsen and Barekatain, Behnaz and Akhavan, Ali and Vaziri, Somayeh}, title = {Comparison of Obturation Density Using Nickel Titanium and Stainless Steel Spreaders by Lateral Compaction Technique}, abstract ={   Background and Aim : The density of Gutta-percha is an important factor in canal seal and root canal treatment success. So, the present study intended to compare the effect of Ni-Ti and S-S spreaders on the intracanal Gutta-percha weight .  Materials and Methods : In this experimental study, 40 simulated canals with 40 degree curvature (group 1 and 2) and 40 simulated canals with 10 degree curves (group 3 and 4) were used. Each block was weighted after cleaning and shaping using Flexmaster rotary instruments. Group 1 and 3 blocks were obturated using Ni-Ti spreaders, while group 2 and 4 blocks were obturated using stainless steel spreaders with Gutta-percha. The simulated canals were again weighted and the difference of the two measurements was calculated as the Gutta-percha weight. The results were analyzed using SPSS software and 2-way ANOVA tests .  Results : The analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the four experimental groups. In addition, the effect of the canal curvature, spreader type and the interaction of the variables was not statistically significant .   Conclusion : The current study showed that different spreader types (Ni-Ti or S-S) do not affect the Gutta-percha weight of the root canal obturation .}, Keywords = {Gutta percha , Density , Canal obturation , Lateral compaction technique , Stainless steel , Spreader , Nickel-titanium spreader }, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {54-59}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1203-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1203-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jaberi-Ansari, Zahra and Saati, keiv}, title = {Evaluation of Tooth Color Distribution in 20 to 30-Year-Old Patients of Shahid Beheshti University Related Centers in 1389}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Tooth color assessing is very important in esthetic dentistry. The aim of this article was to study tooth color prevalence of 20-30-year-old patients and also presentation of a simple method for color assessment . Materials and Methods : One thousand fifty nonsmoker volunteers (501 men). In a light, distance and angle constant condition the left maxillary incisors were photographed with a digital camera (Canon G9) using a retractor. The pictures were studied with Adobe Photoshop CS5 software. The color of the middle 1/9 of the tooth was measured in L*a*b* system. In the exact above condition vita pan classical shade guide was photographed in direction of neutral background. These pictures were studied with Adobe Photoshop CS5 and L*a*b* average was measured for the middle 1/9 of each sample. After measurement of ∆E* for each person and vita pan classical shade guide, minimum ∆E* was chosen for each tooth as the color of that tooth. Finally, the effect of colored liquid drinks was assessed . Results : The most popular findings were A3.5 (16.85%) A3 (14.85%) and B1, B2 (9.8%). The results of this study showed that the L* average in nonsmokers who drank colored liquids more than twice a day in comparison to noncolored liquid users was lower. The a* and b* average in this group was higher than noncolored liquid users . Conclusion : The most common findings were A3.5 (16.85%) A3 (14.85%) B1, B2 (9 . 8%). Tooth color assessment with a digital camera and computerized study is simple and cheap but very sensitive .}, Keywords = {Spectrophotometry , Colorimetry , Dental photography}, volume = {24}, Number = {2}, pages = {60-68}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1204-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1204-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yassini, Esmaeil and Kermanshah, Hamid and Mirzaei, Mansoreh and RanjbarOmidi, Bahar}, title = {Effect of Mechanical Load Cycling on Class V Glass-Ionomer and Composite Restorations; A Microleakage and Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation}, abstract ={      Background and Aim : Microleakage is an important problem with direct restorations and familiarity with its contributing factors is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was scanning electron microscopic evaluation of marginal integrity in three types of class V tooth-colored restorations and the effect of load cycling on their microleakage .   Materials and Methods : In this in vitro study, class V cavity preparations were made on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 bovine incisors (60 cavities). The specimens were divided into three groups (n=10 each or 20 cavities) and restored as follows: group 1: with Filtek Z350 (nanocomposite), group 2: Fuji IX/G Coat Plus (CGIC), and group 3: Fuji II LC (RMGI ).   All specimens were finished and polished immediately and were thermocycled (×2000, 5-50 °C). In each group, half of the teeth were load cycled .Epoxy resin replicas of 12 specimens were evaluated under FE-SEM and interfacial gaps were measured. Finally the teeth were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye for 24 hours at room temperature, sectioned and observed under stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and a comparison between incisal and cervical microleakage was made with Wilcoxon test .   Results : It was shown that the mechanical load cycling caused a statistically significant increase in cervical microleakage of Fuji IX and Fuji II LC and in incisal microleakage of Fuji II LC. Microleakage in Z350 with load-cycling and Fuji IX with and without load-cycling was significantly higher in cervical compared with incisal area. Both incisal and cervical microleakage were significantly different among these materials under load-cycling. ) Fuji II LC < Fuji IX < Z350 ).   Conclusion : It was concluded that the marginal sealing ability of Fuji IX under load-cycling was better than that of Fuji II LC. Z350 showed better marginal integrity while being load-cycled than both Fuji II LC and Fuji IX .      }, Keywords = {Microleakage , Glass ionomer cement , Composite resin }, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {69-78}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1246-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1246-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Nouri, Mahtab and Farzan, Arash and Safavi, Mohammad reza and AkbarzadehBaghban, Ali rez}, title = {The Effect of the Number of Clinical Bracket Points on the Accuracy of Curve Fitted to Dental Arch Form by 3D Method}, abstract ={      Background and Aim : Adjustment of an accurate curve to the dental arch is an important part of orthodontic treatment. Our goal was comparing the fitting accuracy of two curves constructed by different numbers of clinical bracket points (CBP) to the dental arch form using 4th degree polynomial function.   Materials and Methods : A mathematical formula associated with a polynomial function was used to reconstruct the dental arch forms of 18 adolescents (18 casts) with normal occlusion. CBPs were marked on every tooth present in each maxillary and mandibular model (second molar to second molar) using an orthodontic bracket positioning gauge. A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to record the coordinates of each CBP (x, y). Then a curve fitting software was used to obtain the best 4th degree polynomial function and the associated curve fitted to all 14 CBPs. Another polynomial 4th degree function curve was obtained for the same models using CBPs only on central incisors, canines and second molars. Curves for each model were compared using statistical values including correlation coefficient, standard error, sum of residuals and R^2.   Results: The mean root squares for curves fitted to 14 points in all samples were 0.8855 and it was 0.9629 when 6 points were compared with 14 points . The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between curves fitted to 6 and 14 points was 0.946 in mandible, 0.983 in maxilla and 0.969 for both .   Conclusion : Six CBPs were enough for proper fitting of 4th degree polynomial function to dental arch forms of both jaws .  }, Keywords = {Diagnosis -Imaging , Three-Dimensional , Orthodontics , Decision-making computer-assisted , Dental arch}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {79-85}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1247-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1247-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lafzi, Ardeshir and Amid, Reza and Kadkhodazadeh, Mehdi and Rohani, Kimia and Haddadpoor, Sahar and Safiyari, Liela and Saedi, Sar}, title = {Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells in Periodontal Regeneration}, abstract ={   Background and Aim : Reconstructive treatments in dentistry aimed at achieving complete regeneration of destroyed structures both in soft and hard tissues. To date, this goal has been tried to accomplish using various bone grafts, growth factors, and barrier membranes. Stem cells are the most fascinating area of biology today and have been used clinically in the field of medicine to treat many incurable diseases .    Materials and Methods : The English literature indexed in in the MEDLINE/PubMed database was systematically searched and original papers were critically reviewed on this subject, until the second quarter of 2011. Additional papers were obtained by manual searching reference lists of previously published review papers .   Results : More than fifty years ago, the first allogenic hematopoietic stem cell was transplanted in patients. However, the promise of other stem cell populations for tissue replacement and repair remains unachieved. When considering cell-based interventions for tissue regeneration, the factors influencing therapeutic success and safety are more complicated than for traditional treatments. So, it is important for dentists to have a brief understanding about the principles and clinical applications of stem cells in tissue engineering field .   Conclusion : This article reviews the most recent published data to regenerate dental and periodontal tissues based on scientific principles and provides fundamental information to readers about the different aspects involved in tissue engineering. Ideal combination of cells, scaffolds, and growth factors for tissue engineering may be extended over future years. The findings collected in this literature review show that we are now at a stage in which engineering a complex tissue, such as the periodontium, is no longer an unachievable goal and the next decade will certainly be an exciting time for dental and periodontal research .           }, Keywords = {Periodontal regeneration , Stem cells , Literature review}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {86-94}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1248-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1248-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {RanjbarOmrani, ladan and Yassini, Esmaeil and Mirzaei, Mansoreh and Abbasi, Mehdi and Baniasad, Nima and Kermanshah, Hami}, title = {Laboratory Assessment of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored With Three Different Post and Core Systems}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Prefabricated posts are advantageous in restoring endodontically treated teeth because of their lower cost and operation time. Since selecting a suitable restoration is important in the survival of these teeth, in this study fracture resistance and the mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with three different post and core systems were evaluated .   Materials and Methods : In this in vitro study, 36 human premolars were divided into three groups namely, group 1, non precious cast post and core group 2, prefabricated metal post with amalgam core group 3, FRC post and composite core. All groups received crowning. Specimens were thermocycled and loaded until definite failure. The fracture resistance and failure modes were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Fisher Exact tests .   Results: The mean failure load for the three groups was 794, 647 and 724 N, respectively. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the fracture resistance of the three experimental groups (P=0.0579). All failures in group 1, eight in group 2 and three in group 3, were unrestorable. Fisher’s Exact test showed significant difference between group 3 and the two other groups (P<0.05 ).   Conclusion : If there is a 2-mm ferrule, the type of post and core does not have a significant effect on the fracture resistance, but it has a significant effect on the failure mode .  }, Keywords = {Reconstruction , Endodontically treated teeth , Post and core , Fracture resistance}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {95-100}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1249-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1249-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khozaymeh, Fayeze and Karimian, Jahangir and Alikhani, Milad and Badrian, Hamid rez}, title = {The Effect of Endurance Exercise on Alpha Amylase, PH and Cortisol Level of Saliva}, abstract ={    Background and Aim : Exercise is one of the activities to achieve fitness therefore it should be performed in an appropriate way and its side effects should be minimized. It has been mentioned in the literature that in physiologic activities, there are important factors in the serum and saliva which have a significant role in dental and oral health, especially on dental caries. In this study, we decided to figure out how these oral health related factors are altered in endurance exercise .   Materials and Methods : In this study, the samples included nineteen 18 to 25-year-old beginner male athletes. Two samples of saliva were taken, one before running for control and one after 1000 meters for test. Salivary pH was digitally measured immediately after collecting the samples. Cortisol and alpha amylase of the saliva in both control and test samples were evaluated by ELISA method. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and evaluated with descriptive statistical methods .   Results: Endurance exercise in beginner athletes increased the mean alpha amylase level in their saliva from 59.57 to 107.52 IU/mL and the salivary cortisol from 2.73 to 3.60 Ng/mL. The mean salivary pH showed a 0.56 decrease (p<.001 ).   Conclusion : There was an increase in the salivary cortisol and alpha amylase level and a decrease in salivary pH after endurance exercise .    }, Keywords = {Cortisol , Alpha amylase , Salivary pH}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {101-104}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1250-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1250-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Kazem and Mirmohamadi, Hesam and Kashani, Katau}, title = {Evaluation of Effect of Adding Silica Fillers to Adhesive on Microleakage of Composite Restorations in Different Times}, abstract ={Background and Aim : Dental adhesives are widely used in modern dentistry to provide retention of composite resin restoration and to reduce associated marginal microleakage. We aimed to evaluate the effect of adding silica fillers to adhesive on microleakage of composite restorations in different times .   Materials and Methods : Forty-eight premolars were collected in 0.5% chloramine T solution. The teeth were divided into two groups. CLV cavities were prepared. In the first group, SE bond and in the second group, experimental unfilled SE bond were applied. In subgroups 1 of both groups, the teeth were incubated for 3 months then evaluated. In subgroups 2 of both groups, evaluation was performed after 24 hours. Cavities were filled with Z250 composite resin. Before incubation, samples were thermocycled at 5 to 55° C in 1000 cycles, then immersed in silver nitrate solution and afterwards developer solution for microleakage evaluation. They were then mounted, sectioned and observed under steriomicroscope and scanning electron microscope for scoring. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests .   Results : There was significant difference in microleakage between groups in different times. There was no significant difference between occlusal microleakage regardless of time (p<0.001). The difference between cervical microleakage of two adhesive types was not significant (p=0.533). There was significant difference between 24 hours and 3 months storage (p<0.001). No significant difference was detected between filled and unfilled adhesives regardless of time (p<0.001 ).   Conclusion : Although there was no significant difference between the two adhesives, unfilled adhesives performed slightly better than filled adhesives .  }, Keywords = {Microleakage - Filled adhesive - Composite filling}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {105-110}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1251-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1251-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Javadzade, Abbas and Pakfetrat, Ates sa and Falaki, Farnaz and Seyyedi, Amir}, title = {Approach to Orofacial Granulomatosis and Review of Literature}, abstract ={    Background and Aim : Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) comprises a group of diseases characterized by non-caseating granulomatous inflammation affecting the soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.   Wiesenfeld introduced the term orofacial granulomatosis in 1985 for the first time. The precise cause of OFG is unknown however, some theories have been suggested including allergy, infection and genetic predisposition.   The clinical presentation can be highly variable, making the diagnosis difficult to establish.   The aim of this review was to define clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment protocols of OFG .   Materials and Methods : All English articles from 1950 to 2010 in Pubmed, InterScience, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords : orofacial granulomatosis, approach, and treatment. Persian articles were also selected from Iran Medex .   Results and Conclusion : Because of the relatively nonspecific clinical findings associated with a variety of granulomatous diseases, the diagnosis of orofacial granulomatous often presents a dilemma for the clinician. The most common differential diagnosis includes Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis, and infection. However, a variety of other conditions may be associated with granuloma formation. Often an extensive clinical, microscopic, and laboratory evaluation may be required to reach to definite diagnosis and proper treatment .}, Keywords = {Orofacial granulomatosis , Approach , Treatment}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {111-121}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1252-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1252-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Behnia, Hosain and Khojasteh, Arash and Esmaeelinejad, Mohammad and Naghdi, Navi}, title = {Effects of Different Growth Factors on New Bone Formation: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Using different osteogenic growth factors, which is still under investigation, is a favorable method for bone regeneration. This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the effects of different growth factors and their carriers on osteogenesis .   Materials and Methods: Electronic databases (Medline, EMBase and Cochrane) were studied by the authors for articles published from 1999 to October 2010. Clinical and animal studies evaluating bone formation by applying a specific growth factor and the related carrier were included in this investigation. Obtained data were organized in a table and evaluated through a qualitative analysis .   Results: Sixty-nine studies most of which evaluated the effects of BMP-2 osteogenesis in different models were included in this study. Totally, twenty-five carriers were applied with different growth factors in the experiments. Among these carriers, poly lactic– co glycolic acid (PLGA), hydroxy apatite/tricalcium phosphate/absorbable collagen sponge (HA/TCP/ACS) and BioOss were the most frequently used carriers with the growth factors in bone regeneration studies.   Conclusion: The current evidence, although not strong enough, confirms that BMP-2 has more favorable results in osteogenesis compared with other factors. The carrier scaffold, methods of measurement (histologic or radiographic), type of animal, defect diameter and the length of follow-up are the variables that should be matched before reaching definite results for the effect of growth factors in bone regeneration .  }, Keywords = {Growth factors , Bone regeneration , New bone formation , Carrier , BMP}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {122-138}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1253-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1253-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HasaniTabatabaei, Masomeh and EtratiKhosroshahi, Mohammad and Pahlavan, Ayub and Arami, Sakineh and Valizadeh, Sar}, title = {Comparison of Temperature Rise in Silorane-Based and Methacrylate-Based Composites Cured by LED and Argon Laser}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Temperature rise occurs during photoactivation of dental composites due to the exothermic polymerization reaction and different curing units. The aim of this study was evaluation of temperature rise in two kinds of composites with different curing units .   Materials and Methods : In this experimental study, five samples of each composite resin (Filtek Z250, Filtek P90) were placed in two-millimeter deep Teflon molds which were 4mm in diameter. Curing was done from top surface with LED, high power LED and argon laser and temperature was recorded by a thermometer placed under the samples. After reaching room temperature, samples were cured and the temperature was recorded again. The time of maximum temperature was also recorded. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD .   Results : Composites and curing units had statistically significant influence on the temperature rise (p<0.001) Silorane-based composites showed significantly higher temperature rise than methacrylate-based ones. A significantly lower rise in temperature occurred when illuminationwas performed by argon laser. There was no significant difference in temperature rise between the two types of LEDs. The type of composite had no effect on the time of maximum temperature and in all samples the maximum temperature was recorded at the beginning of irradiation .    Conclusion : Silorane-based composites showed higher temperature rise than methacrylate-based ones. Argon laser revealed less heat than LEDs. The maximum temperature rise was recorded at the beginning of irradiation .  }, Keywords = {Polymerization , Temperature , Gas Laser , Filtek Silorane , Methacrylate}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {139-145}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1254-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1254-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Banava, Sepideh and Fattah, Melika and Kharrazifard, Mohammad javad and Safaie, Tahmineh and Askarzadeh, Shima and SafaieYazdi, Mohammad and Amaechi, Banet .T. and Fazlyab, Maht}, title = {Clinical Comparison of Dental Caries by DMFT and ICDAS Systems}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : The common method of caries status evaluation is the number of decayed, missed and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Recently the International Caries Diagnosis and Assessment System (ICDAS) has been introduced for a detailed evaluation of the dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the caries status with this new system while comparing it with the DMF index as a common method .   Materials and Methods : A total of 110 dental students were selected randomly and examined. Examination was done in the dental unit under good light circumstances. First, all surfaces of the teeth were cleaned with a brush, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste and then rinsed. Subsequently, examination was performed in each person by two calibrated examiners according to DMFT system and ICDAS (evaluation of teeth status in occlusal and smooth surfaces in dry and wet situations according to codes of this system) and the information forms were completed. Chi square statistical test was used for data analysis .   Results : The mean DMFT was 7.16. According to ICDAS system nobody had 00 code meaning that at least one surface of 182 dental surfaces had a lesion. Only seven cases had codes 00-02. The results for codes 03 through 06 were as follow, respectively: 51, 49, 34, 2. Ninety nine cases had extracted or non-examinable teeth. The inter-examiner kappa coefficient was 0.916 .   Conclusion : The new system, ICDASl, provides more accurate information than DMF for the investigators and epidemiologists. The DMFT number does not show any details about the dental status of the cases .       }, Keywords = {Dental caries , ICDAS , DMF}, volume = {24}, Number = {3}, pages = {146-151}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1255-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1255-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Banava, Sepideh and Poorbaghi, Parisa and NematiAnaraki, Saeid and Aghajani, Farzaneh and Noohi, Soheil and Kharrazifard, Mohammad javad and Inanloo, Hosai}, title = {Microleakage Evaluation of a Hydroxyapatite Base in Comparison with a Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in Vitro}, abstract ={     Background and Aim : Many attempts have been done to improvethe quality,properties and composition of dental materials to decrease the microleakage and its consequences.The objective of this invitro study was to compare microleakage of light cure resin modified glass ionomer cement and a hydroxyapatite containing base .   Materials and Methods : In this experimental study 40 intact human premolars were divided into 4 groups. On the buccal surface of each tooth, around cavity was prepared with 3 mm in diameter and at least 1 mmdeep into dentin.Teeth were restored using L.C resin modified glass ionomer lining cement,L.C resin modified glass ionomer restorative cement, Lime-Lite with bonding agent, and Lime – Lite without bonding agent.After thermocycling the specimens were immersed in AgNO3 solution for 2 hours.After sectioning the specimens, dye leakage wad evaluated by a stereomicroscope. Microleakage was graded according to ISO 11 405 in occlusal and gingival cavity margins. Obtaineddata were statisticallyanalysed by Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests .   Results : Most of the samples in group 3 (lime – lite with bonding agent) demonstrated zeromicroleakage grades in gingival and occlusal cavity margins and in group 4 (Lime – Lite – without bonding agant) the majority of samples showedgrade 3 microleakagein both margins. These findings is both margins were significantly higher than those of other groups (p< 0.05), but there were not significant differences among glass ionomer groups in marginal microleakage (p> 0.05 ).   Conclusion : Hydroxyapatite containing base showed more microleakage compared with glass ionomer cement, but application of a bonding agent prior to its placement was effective in reducing its microleakage .      }, Keywords = {Microleakage , Glass Ionomer , Hydroxyapatite cement}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {152-158}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1276-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1276-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {PakpourHajiagha, Amir and Saffari, Mohse}, title = {Predictors of Tooth Brushing Behavior in Iranian Adolescents: an Application of the Planned Behavior Theory}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Contrary to thetheory of planned behavior (TPB), intention alone is not sufficient to predict behavior. The aim of the study was application of anextended model of planned behavior in predicting dental brushing behavior among a sample of adolescents in Qazvin .   Materials and Methods: A number of 383 adolescents participated in thiscross-sectional study. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, action and coping scales and a self report questionnaire regarding dental brushing behavior was completed by the adolescents. Data were analyzed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on an original six-factor structure (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, intention, action plan and coping plan) and also a hierarchical linear regression analysis .   Results: The mean age of the adolescents was 15.41 years. The most of the student were male (50.2). The CFA for the original six-factor structure showed a good fit index (λ2 = 645.25, degrees of freedom df=309, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) =90, root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) =0.054). Action- and coping planning aggregately accounted for 11.1% of the variance associated with dental brushing behavior .   Conclusion: Results obtainedform CFA analysis approved the six-factor structure including intention, action plan and coping plan . Action plan and coping plan can reduce intention-behavior gap .  }, Keywords = {Oral health , Adolescents , Theory of planned behavior , Planning}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {159-163}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1277-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1277-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Heshmat, Haleh and Hoorizadganjkar, Maryam and Zeinali, Saeid and Aghajani, Farzaneh}, title = {Microleakage of Self-Adhesive Resin Cements Compared With Resin Cements Containing Etch & Rinse Adhesives}, abstract ={   Background and Aim : Current self-adhesive resin cements have become popular for esthetic restorations. The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of 2 self-adhesive resin cements and 2 etch and rinse versions of the same brands .    Materials and Methods : Forty human third molars were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups: 1-Rely X Unicem, 2- Rely X ARC+ Acid etch 37% + Single Bond ,3- Nexus 3 Acid etch 37% + Optibond Solo, and 4- Maxcem Elite. Microleakage of the specimens were then measured with a four point scoring system at both the cervical &occlusal areas, with the aid of a stereomicroscope. Microleakage scores were compared using Kruskul-Wallis analysis, followed by relative Dunn test .   Results : The microleakage of Rely X Unicem and Nexus 3 were significantly less in the occlusal region (P<0.05), whereas in the cervical area there was no significant difference in microleakage between Rely X Unicem and Rely X ARC (P= 0.0087). The microleakage of Nexus 3 was significantly less than that of Rely X Unicem.Maxcem Elite showed the highestlevel of microleakage (P<0.05 ).   Conclusion : Microleakage of both cements using etch & rinse adhesive systems were significantly lower in comparison withtheir self- etch counterparts both at the cervical &occlusal areas. (P< 0.05 )           }, Keywords = {Microleakage , Self-Adhesive Resin Cement , Dentin Adhesion , Enamel adhesion}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {164-170}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1278-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1278-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Barkatayn, Mehrdad and Malekipoor, Mohammad reza and Alaei, Samaneh and Kavoosi, Maryam}, title = {Comparison of Temperature Changes Through Dentin Discs with Different Thicknesses and Different Distances of Light Curing Tip by Two Different Light Curing Units}, abstract ={    Background and Aim : Excessive heat produced while curing of light-activated dental restorations may cause irreversible damage to dental pulp. The Aims of this study wereto measure the temperature rise(TR) induced by two different light curing units and to evaluate the relathionship between the measured TR in dentin discs of different thicknesses and different distances of light guide tips from dentin disc .   Materials and Methods : In this experimental study, Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) (400 ) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) systems (1500 ) were used as the curing units. Dentin discs of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm thicknesses were prepared. Distances of 1,2 and 3 mm from the tip of the light guide and dentin discs were set. Temperatures were recorded using a digital laser thermometer. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Duncan and T-test .   Results: Results showed that both dentin thickness and distance between tip of curing units and dentin disks had significant effects on temperature rise in both curing units (P<0.001 ).   Conclusion : LED produced the highest and the QTH the lowest TR for all tested conditions. Reduced thermal insults were related to increased dentin thickness, increased distance between the light guide tip and dentin, and decreased energy emitted from the light-curing unit .  }, Keywords = {Temperature , Curing lights , Dentin}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {171-176}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1279-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1279-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Arash and Shahsiah, Samira and Ahmadi, Maryam}, title = {Serum Vitamin A Level in Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis Compared With Healthy Individuals}, abstract ={   Background and Aim: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral mucosal inflammatory disease, with unknown etiology. Antioxidants are able to preserve molecules from damage and also can delay the start of RAS. The aim of this study was to determine serum level of vitamin A as an antioxidant in RAS patients compared with normal subjects .   Materials and Methods: The total 38 subjects were divided into two groups of 19. One group consisted of aphthous patients and the other comprised of healthy subjects. The groups were matched by sex and age. Serum levels of vitamin A were measured in both groups. Finally data were analyzed with T tests .   Results: The mean and standard deviation of serum vitamin A was 13.63±2.3 µg/ml in RAS group and 23.9±4.5 µg/ml in control group. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05 ).   Conclusion: It was shown that serum levels of vitamin A in RAS patients were lower than that of normal individuals .      }, Keywords = {Recurrent aphthous stomatitis , Antioxidant serum , Serum vitamin A}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {177-180}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1280-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1280-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Varmazyar, Sakineh and Amini, Morteza and Kiafar, Mehdi}, title = {Ergonomic Evaluation of Work Conditions in Qazvin Dentists and its Association with Musculoskeletal Disorders Using REBA Method}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Dynamic and static activities in dentistry, cause musculoskeletal disorders but dentists do not have enough awareness about effects of ergonomic factors on their health. T he aims of this study were to assess ergonomic conditions in dental workstation in Faculty of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, using REBA method, to investigate the relationship between REBA scores and musculoskeletal disorders and finally, to present corrective solutions .   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study posture assessment of 63 participants were implemented by the REBA method. In order to investigate incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, the standard Nordic questionnaire was used. Data were processed using regression and chi-square tests and the significance level was determinate at P< 0.05 .   Results: The results indicated that 30.2% of participants obtained from11 to 15 scores (very high risk level). Results of the Nordic questionnaire indicated that the highest musculoskeletal disorder report was related to neck region with 50.8 %.   Conclusion: The results showed that 30.2% from the final REBA scores had very high risk level and 51.7% high risk level means that essential corrective and urgent corrective measures are required respectively .  }, Keywords = {Dentistry , Musculoskeletal disorders , Questionnaire , Ergonomics}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {181-186}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1281-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1281-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Esfahanian, Vahid and Mohamadi, Ferida and Amini, Shahram}, title = {An In Vitro Comparison of Antimicrobial Effect of Nanosil and ChlorhexidineMouthrinses}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Regarding chemical methods of plaque control, use mouthrinses are more frequent than other methods. The objective of this research is making a comparison between the antibacterial effect of Nanosil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes .   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study samples were taken from supragingival and subgingival plaques of 15 patients and transferred to aerobic and anaerobic liquid culture environments. The number of the bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic liquid environments were determined by spectrophotometer. Then, the samples were transferred from the liquid culture environment to the considered solid culture environment as a mixture of nanosil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes and placebo and the numbers of the growth colonies in the solid culture environment were counted in each group and compared with each other by t test .   Results: In both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the number of the growth colonies, was depicted in ascending order the groups of chlorhexidine, nanosil, and placebo. Concerning chlorhexidine, there was no significant difference between the growth colonies in the two aerobic and anaerobic environments indicating the absolute antibacterial effect of this mouthwash.   Nanosil mouthwash had a significant statistical superiority in comparison with the placebo in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Nanosil had a significant effect on anaerobic environment, meanwhile, the placebo indicated a superior effect in anaerobic environment .   Conclusion : Nanosil mouthwash can be applied as an effective antibacterial substance especially in an anaerobic environment, though chlorhexidine as a standard mouthwash has still the strongest effect in this field .    }, Keywords = {Dental plaque , Mouth wash , Nanosil , Chlorhexidine digluconate}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {187-191}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1282-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1282-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zeraatkar, Neda and Vara, Narges and GhaziMirsaeid, Seyed Jav}, title = {Contribution of Iranian Researchers in Dental Science Production as Indexed in Web of Science From 2000 to 2009}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Nowadays the most significant indicator for scientific production is the number of scientific articles that are indexed in certificated databases. Evaluation of the scientific production has become so significant as an important aspect of research and scientific production, in the way that today production and consumption of information in different communities is one of the growth and development indicators. The aim of this article is to investigate 10-years of scientific production of Iranian dentistry community in the ISI .   Materials and Methods : In this article ten years of scientific production in dentistry in ISI database was investigated using bibliometric method. Therefore, our search was limited to Iran and dentistry during 2000-2009, and the retrieved items were analyzed .   Results : It was shown that a total of 383 documents have been produced and published in this time period, among which 350 (91.4%) was authored by dental professionals in 10 Iranian universities. In this regard, Tehran University of medical sciences researchers have authored 30/8% of all productions. The most international cooperation of the Iranian dentistry researchers has been with the researchers of USA with 28 articles followed by Australia, England and Finland. Concerning journals publishing the research of the Iranian dental community, the Journal of Endodontics, has published 34 documents of all productions in this realm .   Conclusion : Our search showed that the scientific productivity of Iranian dentists has been ascending in these years. The growth reached the top in 2009, and became doubled compared with the previous year and ten times more than those in 2000 .      }, Keywords = {Scientific Production , Dentistry , ISI web Science}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {192-196}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1290-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1290-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khami, Mohammad reza and Jafari, Ahmad and Mohtashamrad, Zahra and Yazdani, Reza and Moscowchi, Anahita and Akhgari, Ensiyeh and Elyasi, Maryam}, title = {Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Students of Tehran and ShahidBeheshti Universities of Medical Sciences about Evidence-based Dentistry}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Evidence-based dentistry is an approach to oral health that requires a reasonable combination of scientific evidence with the dentists’ diagnostic and clinical practice as well as patients’ needs and treatment priorities. The aim of this study was evaluation of awareness, attitudes and self- assessed knowledge of dentistry students about EBD in governmental universities in Tehran.   Materials and Methods : Subjects included junior students of dentistry studying in Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of Medical Sciences. Sixty-five subjects were evaluated, among which 85% answered the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed to the students before and after their courses to evaluate student’s awareness, attitude and self- assessment knowledge. Chi- square and T- test were used to analyze the results.   Results : Totally 80% of students had a fair or poor awareness about EBD. Almost, all the students had a correct attitude about EBD and 80% had a correct attitude about the steps. The mean male student’s knowledge was significantly higher than that of female counterparts. Also, there was a significantly positive correlation between student’s knowledge score and self- assessed knowledge about EBD .    Conclusion : Despite good attitudes about EBD, there is a deficiency in student’s knowledge, so an appropriate plan is suggested to resolve this problem .         }, Keywords = {Dentistry Students , Evidence-Based Dentistry }, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {197-203}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1283-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1283-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {ZareJahromi, Maryam and Barati, Masoud and Barati, Jouy}, title = {Coronal Discoloration Potential after Using Two Root Canal Dressings (Calcium-Hydroxide vs.Triantibiotic Dressing)}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Tooth discoloration of anterior teeth is an important esthetic problem for both the patient and dentist. One of the causative factors in this regard is placing intracanal medicaments. The aim of this study was to compare discoloration potential of calcium hydroxide vs. triantibiotic paste when being placed into the pulp chamber space .   Materials and Methods : Forty extracted upper human central incisors, with no caries or crack were selected for this study. Digital photographs were taken from the buccal aspect of all specimens under a standard situation. RGB/HSB variables were recorded, using Photoshop software,. Then access cavities were prepared and canals enlarged using #1, #2, and #3 gates glidden drills and peeso reamers. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In group A calcium hydroxide and in group B triantibiotic compound was placed in pulp chamber space. Then access cavities were sealed with a self-curing glass ionomer cement. After incubation of the samples for four months digital photographs were taken in the same standard situation and RGB/HSB variables were recorded. Pre- and post-treatment data were compared and analyzed using paired-t and independent t-tests .   Results : Both experimental groups showed a significant discoloration after four months in their labial surfaces. (p<0.05) Discoloration changes in calcium hydroxide group was much more than that of triantibiotic group but the difference was not significant (p>0.05 ).   Conclusion : Tooth discoloration was indicated following use of both calcium hydroxide and triantibiotic dressing within the pulp chamber space, but the difference between two groups was not statistically significant.(p>0.05 ).  }, Keywords = {Discoloration , Calcium hydroxide , Triantibiotic paste}, volume = {24}, Number = {4}, pages = {204-208}, publisher = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, url = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1284-en.html}, eprint = {http://jida.ir/article-1-1284-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Dental Association}, issn = {2383-3041}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} }